THE FRAME-SLOT MODEL OF THE CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION ON THE BASIS OF MOTIVATIONAL SPEECHES BY PUBLIC FIGURES

This article introduces the outcomes of the conceptual analysis of motivational speeches delivered by prominent public figures, obtained by means of the UAM Corpus Tool – a cutting-edge software renowned for conducting both automated and manual text annotations. Furthermore, the study is enhanced by a conceptual metaphor analysis, revealing that ontological and structural components are the predominant and efficacious elements in constructing a frame-slot model. In accordance with Minsky’s theoretical framework, the frame-slot model consists of the main concept, and frames as complex structures, resembling multi-layered networks. It is figured out that these intricate structures are formed by slots and subplots [17]. Accordingly, the concept of MOTIVATION comprises a combination of frames reflecting embodied speakers’ experiences such as A LIVING BEING, DIFFICULTIES, PURPOSE, MATERIAL OBJECT, STATE, COGNITION, MOVEMENT, INSPIRATION, LIFE, WORLD, EDUCATION, and LANGUAGE. These components collectively serve as a comprehensive reflection of the perceptual paradigms employed by the selected public speakers, whose speeches serve as the primary corpus for this research. Consequently, the corpus comprises 20 speeches delivered by eminent male and female public figures, featuring Michelle Obama, Oprah Winfrey, Madonna, Kamala Harris, Melinda Gates, Angelina Jolie Voight, Arianna Huffington, Condoleezza Rice, Sheryl Sandberg, Hillary Clinton, Warren Buffett, Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Barack Obama, David Beckham, Mark Zuckerberg, Jay Shetty, and Steven Spielberg. This research underscores the significance of conceptual metaphors in understanding how motivational speeches shape our perception of the world and influence our actions. By dissecting the linguistic elements that construct these metaphors, the insights into the strategies employed by public figures to inspire and motivate their audiences are received and elaborated.

Problem statement.The examination of the nature, structure, and typology of various concepts takes a solid place within the scientific Ukrainian cognitive linguistics community which is distinguished by the contributions of prominent scholars such as A. M. Prykhodko [4], V. M. Manakin [2], S. A. Zhabotynska [1], O. O. Selivanova [5], A. P. Martunyk [3], O. M. Tzapok [6], etc.Meanwhile, a plethora of scholars concentrate more on analyzing concrete, but not abstract concepts that have divergent structures and are realized through various linguistic dimensions and text planes, one of which is public discourse.With the latter, taking into account the common tendency and peculiarities of construing public speeches, particularly motivational ones, the concept of MOTI-VATION as a psychological term is well-elaborated and examined, meanwhile, from the linguistic perspective, it requires a more diligent overview.Due to its intricate nature, the concept of MOTIVATION reflects the speakers' worldview to the fullest extent.Accordingly, its frame-slot model encompasses the most crucial elements influencing the speech perception by the audience and the interconnection of the speakers' consciousness with language.In the article, an attempt is made to investigate the verbalization of the concept of MOTIVATION through conceptual metaphors and to construe its frame-slot model on the basis of the most structurally essential components in the framework of motivational speeches.
The aim of the article is to examine the distinctive features and structural components of the concept of MOTIVATION that is verbalized through conceptual metaphors within motivational speeches delivered in English by public figures.
The principal tasks of the article are the following: -to investigate the verbalization of the concept of MOTIVATION through conceptual metaphors represented in motivational speeches; -to single out the most structurally significant concepts out of the structural and ontological conceptual metaphors; -to construe and describe the frame-slot model of the concept of MOTIVATION on the basis of the research outcomes; -to analyze the nature and structural peculiarities of the concept of MOTIVATION.
Research material.Our research is founded upon a corpus comprising 22 speeches delivered by distinguished male and female public figures who have contributed visibly to the development of various domains that are crucially important for social growth.The roster of female speakers encompasses Michelle Obama, Oprah Winfrey, Madonna, Kamala Harris, Melinda Gates, Angelina Jolie Voight, Arianna Huffington, Condoleezza Rice, Sheryl Sandberg, and Hillary Clinton.Prominent male figures in this context include Warren Buffett, Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Barack Obama, David Beckham, Mark Zuckerberg, Jay Shetty, and Steven Spielberg.Within the realm of public discourse, each of these speakers leaves an indelible mark on how the concept of MOTIVATION is articulated.
The object of the research is motivational speeches.
The subject of the research is the frame-slot model of the concept of MOTIVATION on the basis of motivational speeches in English represented by public figures.
Presentation of the main material.Around the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, global scientific interest underwent a significant shift towards cognitive insights that illuminated the intricate relationship between mental processes and language.In response to this vibrant and prolific intellectual wave, Ronald Langacker founded a novel scholarly endeavor known as the "Cognitive Linguistic Society" in 1989 [9].On these grounds, then, the research interest has been raised in the investigation of the distinctive features and forming various concepts and conceptual metaphors within different types of linguistics texts.Thus, the peculiarities of the concept typology and nature are studied by G. Miller and P. Johnson [13], El.Rosch [16], N. Enfield [7], E. Margolis & S. Laurence [11], D. Medin [12], et al.Accordingly, the study of the conceptual metaphor has become on the verge of the interest of a plethora of scholars such as G. Lakoff and M. Johnson [8], M. Reddy [15], Kövecses, Z. [10], et al.
The modeling of the MOTIVATION concept serves as a crucial methodological step that allows delving into the intricate facets of speakers' experiences that are reflected in motivational speeches and the precise manner in which these facets are conveyed.This process of reconstructing the MOTIVATION concept unfolds systematically in two distinct interconnected stages.
In the initial stage, the UAM Corpus Tool is employed to undertake a comprehensive analysis of all corpus data, aimed at identifying linguistic expressions that align with cognitive metaphors, a framework originally proposed by Lakoff and Johnson [8].In the light go that, ontological and structural metaphors embedded within the 22 motivational speeches delivered by the distinguished public are meticulously identified and analysed.Furthermore, a comprehensive table is compiled that catalogs all five types of conceptual metaphors commonly found in the domain of public discourse.
It is noteworthy that, among these five types of conceptual metaphors, the ontological and structural metaphors emerge as the most enlightening due to their profound and multifaceted nature, deeply rooted in the lived experiences of the esteemed speakers.While conduit, building, and ontological metaphors offer supplementary tools for enriching the primary content with nuanced layers, they are selectively employed.Our focus remains steadfast on the nuanced interplay of abstract and concrete elements that tangibly reflect the rich tapestry of the speakers' experiences.
Subsequently, it becomes imperative to meticulously develop a comprehensive spectrum of structural elements within these conceptual metaphors, meticulously delineating their presence in both target and source domains.These domains stand as the primary canvas upon which the intricate tapestry of the MOTIVATION concept is formed.
The frame-slot model of the MOTIVATION concept, in keeping with Minsky's theoretical framework, envisions concepts as intricate structures, akin to multilayered webs.These structures, composed of frames, slots, and subplots, form the foundation upon which our research is constructed [17].
As it was mentioned before, the framework for conducting cognitive analysis of motivational speeches through metaphors is built upon George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) as outlined in their work "Metaphors We Live By" [8].According to these scholars, conceptual metaphors, renowned for their role in encapsulating speakers' experiences and facilitating the understanding of one concept through the lens of another [8; 15; 10], provide the most fertile ground for the construction of the frame-slot model.Accordingly, metaphors are comprised of two key components: the TARGET DOMAIN and the SOURCE DOMAIN.Broadly, they categorize conceptual metaphors within the linguistic domain into three primary types.The first type is orientational metaphors, which are intricately linked to the "spatial orientation" of reality [8, p. 14-21].
The second category encompasses Ontological metaphors, which draw upon a broad spectrum of human experiences.Within this category, there is a prevalent usage of abstract nouns combined with concrete nouns [8, p. 25-29].Furthermore, within the ontological metaphor category, two subtypes are identified: container and personification.Container metaphors conceptualize human beings as "containers", suggesting movements in and out of restricted areas.This classification also includes bounded objects.Personification, on the other hand, is a common subtype of ontological metaphors.It involves interpreting a significant portion of human experiences from a human-centered perspective [8, p. 29-31].
The third type, known as structural metaphors, is the most frequently observed.In structural metaphors, one term is comprehended or defined in relation to another [ 8, p. 7-9].
Nevertheless, it was found that structural and ontological metaphors are viewed to play the most important role in transmitting the speakers' thoughts within motivational speeches.Initially, ontological metaphors predominate due to their vast classification into two primary categories: container metaphors and personification metaphors.Structural metaphors, as outlined by Lakoff and Johnson [8], are characterized by their unique ability to define one intricate concept in terms of another, often involving the juxtaposition of two abstract concepts.These metaphors contribute to a layered and nuanced representation of meaning within motivational discourse.Below, the comprehensive breakdown of the structural components is proposed that underpin the construction of both structural and ontological metaphors within motivational speeches.On these grounds, structural metaphors are introduced first.
Ariana Huffington.Following the proceeding stage, all structural metaphors are split into two parts, namely constituencies of target and source domains.Table 1 is created to reflect the research outcomes on the basis of structural metaphors.
The following ontological metaphors, rooted in abstract concepts, are elucidated and comprehended through the lens of concrete, tangible entities.Lakoff and Johnson [8] suggest that ontological metaphors provide a means for speakers to draw upon their experiential knowledge and manifest it in discourse.Thus, the following ontological metaphors were found in motivational speeches.
Ariana Accordingly, all these frames consist of multifaceted slots that enhance their structure and nature.Nevertheless, this model may be more extended and complemented by concepts taken from the marginal structural material, particularly orientational, building, and conduit metaphors.
Збірник наукових праць «Нова філологія» № 91 (2023)ISSN 2414-1135 LIFE IS WAR, CHANGES ARE MOVEMENTS, MOTIVATION IS AMBITION, LIFE IS A JOURNEY, LIFE IS A JOURNEY, LIFE IS LENGTH, MONEY IS SIZE, LIFE IS GAME, VALUE IS SIZE, POWER IS COUNTERFORCES.

Table 1 Constituents of the structural metaphors
INSPIRATION IS A LIVING BEING, EDUCATION IS A LIVING BEING, COUNTRY IS A LIVING BEING, POWER IS A LIVING BEING, LANGUAGE IS A LIVING BEING, IDEAS ARE A LIVING BEING, SUCCESS IS A LIVING BEING, LIFE IS A LIVING BEING, DIFFICULTIES ARE A LIVING BEING.