PSYCHOLOGY OF ENGLISH AND PIDGIN SPEAKERS IN NIGERIA: CULTURAL REVALUATION
Keywords:
linguistic discrimination, Pidgin, Standard English, cultural capital, codeswitch, cultural resource
Abstract
The paper examines the cultural perceptions of the Standard English language versus non-standard varieties, such as pidgin in Nigeria. It discusses the ways in which linguistic discrimination affects the psychological wellbeing and social identity of Nigerian Pidgin speakers. The research is based on a qualitative approach. Data was generated from news, observation, the International Corpus of English (ICE), and interviews. The study’s results reveal that linguistic discrimination against pidgin speakers occurs because Pidgin carries a cultural stigma and is associated with the lower class and illiteracy. Standard English, inherited from British colonial masters, is perceived as a mark of education, class, and social mobility. Also, due to pressure to speak Standard English, Nigerians who speak English enroll in extra classes to refine their British accent. The tension between English and pidgin language highlights the cultural politics of language, how language and culture interact to shape communication and identity. This duality creates psychological and social pressures on speakers, influencing their self-esteem and the negotiation of their identity. Despite this contention, many Nigerians code-switch and combine Pidgin, other indigenous Nigerian languages, and English, creating a hybrid cultural resource. The paper suggests that instead of outlawing or penalizing its use, teachers should implement translanguaging strategies that incorporate Pidgin with English and native tongues, boosting pupils’ self-esteem and literacy.
References
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32. Folajimi Oyebola & Kingsley Ugwuanyi (2023). Attitudes of Nigerians Towards BBC Pidgin: A Preliminary Study, Language Matters, 54:1, 78-101. DOI: 10.1080/10228195.2023.2203509
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34. International Corpus of English (ICE) – Nigeria. (n.d.). University College London. Retrieved October 2, 2025. URL: https://ice-corpora.net/ice/avail.htm
35. Kroskrity, P., V. (2021). Covert Linguistic Racisms and the (Re‐) Production of White Supremacy. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 31 (2), 180-193.
36. Kasaree, N. (2017). Working towards a Standard Pidgin. BBC. Accessed May 19, 2024. URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/a c a d e m y / e n t r i e s / 7 0 f 2 a 3 0 c - 4 0 a 5 - 4 6 3 c - 9480-1d63e7d5f44a.
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43. Nwoda, C. (2023). Attitudes Regarding the Use of Nigerian Pidgin English among Nigerian Students at Coventry University. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics. 21, 46–63.
44. Ogunyemi, O. K., & Bada, A. E. (2020). Nigerian Languages, Ethnicity and Formal Education. URL: https://doi.org/10.3968/11654
45. Osoba, J. B. (2021). Nigerian Pidgin as National Language: Prospects and Challenges. Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective, edited by A. T. Akande and O. Salami, 299–320. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501513541-012
46. Osemuyi, O. C. (2025). Cultural and linguistic diversity in Africa: The impact of colonial imperialism on economic growth and integration. Journal of Contemporary Society & Education, 4(1), Article A2. URL: https://doi.org/10.69778/2709-8338/4.1/a2
47. Oyebola, F. (2020). Theorising World Englishes: Attitudes and Identity in the Nigerian Context. Linguistics and Literary Theories: An Empirical Exploration, edited by T. Adepoju, 35–98. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press. 48. Oyebola, F., and I. Abidoye (2018). Number Marking in BBC Pidgin. International Journal of Linguistics. 3 (1): 35–44.
49. Okonkwo, J. I. (2022). Language in Nigeria: a national question. AMAMIHE: Journal of AppliedPhilosophy, ISSN: 1597 -0779, 20 (2).
50. Oliver, R., & Exell, M. (2020). Identity, translanguaging, linguicism and racism: the experience of Australian Aboriginal people living in a remote community. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(7), 819–832. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1713722
51. Orjinmo, N. (2023, September 9). The Nigerians learning to speak with British accents. URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/worldafrica-66569668
52. Özüorçun, F. (2014). Language varieties: Pidgins and creoles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 202-04-04. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
53. Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.
54. Rosa, J. (2019). Looking Like a Language, Sounding Like a Race: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and the Learning of Latinidad. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Roessel, J., Schoel, C., & Stahlberg, D. (2020). Modern Notions of Accent-ism: Findings, Conceptualizations, and Implications for Interventions and Research on Nonnative Accents. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(1), 87-111. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X19884619
56. Sekaja, L., Adams, B., & Yagmur, K. (2022). Raciolinguistic ideologies as experienced by racialized academics in South Africa. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102092
57. Shin, S., & Carpenter, S. M. (2022). A review of the participant observation method in journalism: Designing and reporting. Journal of Communication Research, 12(3), 45-67.
58. Umunnakwe, N. (2017). The Role of English in the Nigerian Linguistic Context. Social Science and Humanities Journal. ISSN: 2456-2653 445 SSHJ, 7, 445-458.
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60. Wunder, E.-M., Voormann, H., & Gut, U. (2010). The ICE Nigeria corpus project: Creating an open, rich, and accurate corpus. ICAME Journal, 34, 78–88. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267448336
61. Yalley, E. (2022). The threat English poses to indigenous languages. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358743770_THE_THREAT_ENGLISH_POSES_TO_INDIGENOUS_LANGUAGES
62. Yekeen, B. (2017). Relevance of Monolingualism on Trilingualism and Achievement in Language Learning among English Students of Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies. 4(6), PP 9-20 ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online) URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22259/ijrhss.0406002
2. Álvarez, B. (2020). Linguistic discrimination still lingers in many classrooms. National Education Association. URL: https://www.nea.org/neatoday/all-news-articles/linguistic-discriminationstill-lingers-many-classrooms
3. Ashtari, N., & Krashen, S. (2023). Confronting linguistic racism. USC Rossier School of Education. URL: https://rossier.usc.edu/newsinsights/news/confronting-linguistic-racism
4. Adedigba, O., Soretire, O, O., & Ajayi, O. A. (2023). Teachers Perception of the Role of Indigenous Languages for Culture Preservation and Improved Teaching and Learning in Kwara State, Nigeria. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences. 4(2).
5. Adu-Boahen, P. (2020). The effect of pidgin English on students’ academic performance in English language the case of Adventist senior high school, Bantama-kumasi. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27079.93603.
6. Akindele, J., Olatundun, O. & Akano, R. (2022). Linguistic Diversity, Nigerian Indigenous Languages and the Choice of the English Language for Nigeria's National Sustainability. 6. 72-83.
7. Akindele, J. A. (2017). Nigeria sustainability, national development and the English language. UNIOSUN Journal of Law, Development and the Humanities, 27-34.
8. Akindele, J. A. (2020). New Englishes and Nigeria’s linguistic ecology: An appraisal of Nigerian newscasters stress pattern as model for standard Nigerian English. Marang: Journal of Language and Literature 33, 123-137.
9. Akomolafe, T. (2024). Language and Nigeria’s Learning Crisis: Implementing The National Language Policy. URL: https://planenigeria.com/language-and-nigerias-learning-crisisimplementing-the-national-language-policy/
10. Akujobi, O. S., & Umoh, G. I. (2022). The Socio-Linguistic Implication on Communication. International Journal of Arts, Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies (JOLLS). 11 (2).
11. Annabelle M. & Betsy (2018). Language, Society and Power: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-82339-8.
12. Ayres-Bennett, W. (2021). Modelling Language Standardization. The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, edited by W. Ayres-Bennett and J. Bellamy. Cambridge: CUP.
13. Alshehri, S. (2023). The Relationship between Language and Identity. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation. 6. 156-161. doi: 10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.7.14.
14. Alim, H. S. (2016). Introducing raciolinguistics: Racing language and languaging race in hyperracial times. Alim, H. S., Rickford, J. R., & Ball, A. F. (Eds.), Raciolinguistics: Howlanguage shapes our ideas about race. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625696.001.0001
15. Baker-Bell, A. (2020). Dismantling anti-Black linguistic racism in English language arts classrooms: Toward an anti-racist Black language pedagogy. Theory Into Practice, 59(1), 8–21. URL: https://cetl.udmercy.edu/preventinglinguistic-racism-and-discrimination/
16. Bamgbose, A. (1991). Language and the Nation: The language Question for Sub-Saharan Africa. Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.
17. Bisong, J (1995). Language choice and cultural imperialism: A Nigerian perspective. ELT Journal. 49/2: 122–132.
18. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education Ed. by Richardson J. G., (pp. 241–258). Greenwood Press.
19. Bradley, S. (23 August 2017). Wetin dey happen? The BBC's Pidgin news site is a huge deal. Wired. Retrieved 10 May, 2024.
20. Chika, E. E. (2023, January 16). What will it take for Nigeria’s new language of instruction policy to succeed? URL: : https://panafricanreview.com/what-will-it-take-for-nigerias-new-language-ofinstruction-policy-to-succeed/
21. Christine R. (2021, June 3). The pervasive problem of 'linguistic racism'. URL: https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210528-thepervasive-problem-of-linguistic-racism
22. Christiana, D. J., Onome, O., & and Bunmwakat, K. S. (2024). Reviewing the Place of the English Language as Nigeria’s National Language. Veritas journal of humanities, 5.
23. Chomsky C. (1969). Acquisition of Syntax in Children from 5-10. Cambridge, MA: MIT. Press. 24. Cobarrubias, J. (1983). Ethical issues in status planning. J. Cobarrubias & J. Fishman (eds.). Progress in language planning: International perspectives. Mouton Publishers. 41-85.
25. Derek, B. (1976). Pidgin and creole studies. Annual Review of Anthropology. 5: 169 93. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.05.100176.001125.JSTOR 2949309.
26. Dewaele, J.-M., McCloskey, J. (2015). Attitudes towards foreign accents among adult multilingual language users. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 36, 221-238.
27. Drożdżowicz, A., & Peled, Y. (2024). The complexities of linguistic discrimination. Philosophical Psychology, 1–24. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2307993
28. Demirci, J. R. (2024). Conducting better qualitative interviews. Journal of Research Methods, 45(2), 123–145. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344231213651
29. Ezeh, C. (2021). Matching Contemporary Linguistic Realities in Multilingual Societies: An Analysis of Nigeria’s Language Education Policy. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/387599411.pdf
30. Faraclas, N. (2021). Naija: A Language of the Future. Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective, edited by A. T. Akande and O. Salami, 9–38. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501513541-002
31. Fridland, V. (2020). The sound of racial profiling: When language leads to discrimination. University of Nevada, Reno. URL: https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/blogs/2020/the-sound-ofracial-profiling
32. Folajimi Oyebola & Kingsley Ugwuanyi (2023). Attitudes of Nigerians Towards BBC Pidgin: A Preliminary Study, Language Matters, 54:1, 78-101. DOI: 10.1080/10228195.2023.2203509
33. Haruyama, J. L. (2021, September 30). Shortcut English: A pidgin language and racialization at a Chinese-operated mine in Zambia [Video podcast]. URL: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/videos/911/
34. International Corpus of English (ICE) – Nigeria. (n.d.). University College London. Retrieved October 2, 2025. URL: https://ice-corpora.net/ice/avail.htm
35. Kroskrity, P., V. (2021). Covert Linguistic Racisms and the (Re‐) Production of White Supremacy. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 31 (2), 180-193.
36. Kasaree, N. (2017). Working towards a Standard Pidgin. BBC. Accessed May 19, 2024. URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/a c a d e m y / e n t r i e s / 7 0 f 2 a 3 0 c - 4 0 a 5 - 4 6 3 c - 9480-1d63e7d5f44a.
37. Kazeem, Y. (2018). How Pidgin English Became the Voice of International Media in West Africa. Quartz. Accessed February 11, 2023. URL: https://qz.com/africa/1349143/why-pidginenglish-is-the-new-cool-for-foreign-media-inwest-africa
38. Lin, P.-J., Saeed, M., Chang, E., & Scholman, M. (2023). Low-Resource Cross-Lingual Adaptive Training for Nigerian Pidgin. arXiv. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.00382 arXiv
39. MacSwan, J. (2017). A multilingual perspective on translanguaging. American Educational Research Journal, 54, 167–201.
40. McNeill, E. (2021). Immigration Stories to Reveal Funds of Knowledge and Brave Spaces in Literacy Curriculum. Journal of Adolescent and Literacy. 65 (4).
41. Mensah, E., Ukaegbu, E., & Nyong B. (2021). Towards a Working Orthography of Nigerian Pidgin. Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective, edited by A. T. Akande and O. Salami, 177–99. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501513541-007
42. McLelland, N. (2020). Introduction. Language Standards, Standardisation and Standard Ideologies in Multilingual Contexts. Journal of Multicultural and Multilingual Development. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1708918
43. Nwoda, C. (2023). Attitudes Regarding the Use of Nigerian Pidgin English among Nigerian Students at Coventry University. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics. 21, 46–63.
44. Ogunyemi, O. K., & Bada, A. E. (2020). Nigerian Languages, Ethnicity and Formal Education. URL: https://doi.org/10.3968/11654
45. Osoba, J. B. (2021). Nigerian Pidgin as National Language: Prospects and Challenges. Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective, edited by A. T. Akande and O. Salami, 299–320. Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501513541-012
46. Osemuyi, O. C. (2025). Cultural and linguistic diversity in Africa: The impact of colonial imperialism on economic growth and integration. Journal of Contemporary Society & Education, 4(1), Article A2. URL: https://doi.org/10.69778/2709-8338/4.1/a2
47. Oyebola, F. (2020). Theorising World Englishes: Attitudes and Identity in the Nigerian Context. Linguistics and Literary Theories: An Empirical Exploration, edited by T. Adepoju, 35–98. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press. 48. Oyebola, F., and I. Abidoye (2018). Number Marking in BBC Pidgin. International Journal of Linguistics. 3 (1): 35–44.
49. Okonkwo, J. I. (2022). Language in Nigeria: a national question. AMAMIHE: Journal of AppliedPhilosophy, ISSN: 1597 -0779, 20 (2).
50. Oliver, R., & Exell, M. (2020). Identity, translanguaging, linguicism and racism: the experience of Australian Aboriginal people living in a remote community. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(7), 819–832. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1713722
51. Orjinmo, N. (2023, September 9). The Nigerians learning to speak with British accents. URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/worldafrica-66569668
52. Özüorçun, F. (2014). Language varieties: Pidgins and creoles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 202-04-04. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
53. Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.
54. Rosa, J. (2019). Looking Like a Language, Sounding Like a Race: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and the Learning of Latinidad. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Roessel, J., Schoel, C., & Stahlberg, D. (2020). Modern Notions of Accent-ism: Findings, Conceptualizations, and Implications for Interventions and Research on Nonnative Accents. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(1), 87-111. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X19884619
56. Sekaja, L., Adams, B., & Yagmur, K. (2022). Raciolinguistic ideologies as experienced by racialized academics in South Africa. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102092
57. Shin, S., & Carpenter, S. M. (2022). A review of the participant observation method in journalism: Designing and reporting. Journal of Communication Research, 12(3), 45-67.
58. Umunnakwe, N. (2017). The Role of English in the Nigerian Linguistic Context. Social Science and Humanities Journal. ISSN: 2456-2653 445 SSHJ, 7, 445-458.
59. UNESCO (2025, February 21). UNESCO and the promotion of languages in Africa: Cultural diversity and multilingualism. UNESCO. URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-andpromotion-languages-africa-cultural-diversityand-multilingualism
60. Wunder, E.-M., Voormann, H., & Gut, U. (2010). The ICE Nigeria corpus project: Creating an open, rich, and accurate corpus. ICAME Journal, 34, 78–88. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267448336
61. Yalley, E. (2022). The threat English poses to indigenous languages. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358743770_THE_THREAT_ENGLISH_POSES_TO_INDIGENOUS_LANGUAGES
62. Yekeen, B. (2017). Relevance of Monolingualism on Trilingualism and Achievement in Language Learning among English Students of Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies. 4(6), PP 9-20 ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online) URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22259/ijrhss.0406002
Published
2026-04-10
How to Cite
Samuel, U. U., & Matshepo, C. M. (2026). PSYCHOLOGY OF ENGLISH AND PIDGIN SPEAKERS IN NIGERIA: CULTURAL REVALUATION. New Philology, (101), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.26661/2414-1135-2026-101-28
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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