THE INTERNATIONALISMS IN VOCABULARY STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH, FRENCH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES
Abstract
The article’s aim is to enlighten the problem of internationalisms in tree different linguistic groups: roman (French language), German (English) and Slavic (Ukrainian language). Two hundred internationalisms of explanatory dictionaries of the mentioned languages were the explored material. The internationalisms are words which exist in different languages, in near related and far related ones. Their characteristics are an identical or a close meaning, preservation in most of cases of pronunciation and of orthography. The main causes of a massive extension of lexical borrowings are: (1) requirement of a new object or fact denomination (marketing); (2) need of close notions (pub, fast-food, bar); (3) presence of divided system of terms which influence on professional language and oral speech. Words like browser, gigabyte, interface which were known by experts in computer engineering and technology, became an ordinary part of modern lexicon; (4) social-psychological causes: perception of a borrowed word like more prestigious : strongman instead of «богатир», «силач», speaker instead of «голова представницького органу влади, зокрема Верховної Ради України»; (5) effect of language economy principle: user (юзер) instead of «користувач»; bike (байк) instead of «велосипед, мотоцикл». Borrowings have changed its character after the First World War and many of them became internationalisms after the Second World War. Economical and technological development of England and America were the principal causes of Anglicism's extension. Internationalisms are changing its area. They are mentioned in nomination of styles (blues), nomination of clothes (jeans), nomination of drinks and food (hamburger), nomination of sport terms (knockout), nomination of events in social life (club), and nomination of modern communicative devices (bluetooth). According to a fast expanse of the internationalisms French language tries to protect its vocabulary, Ukrainian linguistics suggest to prefer an existing variant of certain internationalism. The research of essential phonetic, grammatical and semantic assimilation of internationalisms in English, French and Ukrainian languages is still perspective.
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