EMOTIVES IN GERMAN PLAYS OF THE 18TH CENTURY: SEMANTIC AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
Abstract
German literary language of the first part of the 18th century was not a weapon of a high art and an abstract scientific idea and bears features of burghers’ provincialism and the so-called cup-and-saucer French language. Due to a literary revolution of Storm and Stress functions of German literary language were redefined, transvalued and extended in the second part of the 18th century. Works of young J. W. Goethe and F. Schiller contributed to uniting of literary language and everyday language, forming of a new style that combined elements of folk speech and archaisms of burghers’ literature of the 16th century (H. Sax and M. Luther). Now German literary language is characterized with reality, emotional expressiveness and figurativeness. The most significant changes in the language development of the analyzed period are related to lexicon.
The article focuses on semantics and functions of emotives in German plays of the 18th century. Emotives are the result of objectification of human emotions in a language and a speech. Emotions are known as organizing and motivating human activity, serving to an adaptation in the out-side world, forming and supporting the sense of self-identification. The quality of emotional experience is qualified as positive and negative. Positive feelings are interpreted in this study as an emotion of interest, an emotion of joy, an emotion of astonishment, an emotion of embarrassment and an emotion of guilt; negative feelings are correlated with an emotion of sorrow, an emotion of anger, an emotion of contempt and an emotion of fear.
Three subgroups of emotives are distinguished: affectives, connotatives and expressives. Affectives express emotions, connotatives denominate emotions, and expressives intensify emotions. Semantics of emotives in the empiric material is equal to a variety of lexical-semantic variants of an emotive, including central and differentiated meanings. Types of smiles and laugh were distinguished, a negative, a positive and an ambivalent status of laugh was determined. It was deduced that semantic types of emotives depend on linguistic and stylistic contexts. In a linguistic context, semantics of an emotive is concretized and specified, and in a stylistic context, semantics of an emotive is extended and completed. It has been proved that semantics of emotives is an integral component in plays of the 18th century as a genre of literary texts. Due to semantics of emotives it is possible to reconstruct an emotive fragment of an ethnic linguistic view, retrace the tendencies of development of emotive semantics in chronology, distinguish homonymy and polysemy, determine hierarchical relations between a dictionary meaning and a textual meaning.
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